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Top 10 Comedy Teams of All Time

Comedy seems to work best when done in groups. This is not just true of older comedy routines – most modern television comedy hits are such due to the supporting actors. For example, Will and Grace would never have survived were it not for the character of Karen Walker. This list looks at ten of the most prolific and most well known comedy teams. It is perhaps a little light on the British comedy duos such as the Goons – but do feel free to name them all in the comments.

10. Amos and Andy
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Voiced by Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll, performing on the radio from 1928 all the way 1960. This sketch comedy act was based on turn of the century black minstrel acts, and the two voice artists depicted black people as poor, lower class menial workers, who eventually move from Georgia to Chicago and become taxi drivers.
At least once, in 1931, when the Pittsburgh Courier took up the article of a black preacher who considered the show racially offensive (since the two voice artists were white). They tried to get a million names on a petition, in order to get the show canceled, but few people would sign it, not out of racial fear as much as out of enjoyment of the show. The black leads are always shown to be very simple-minded, but very polite and good-natured, and smarter than the average white man. They also thrived on malaprops, which are incorrect uses of a language. One of George “Kingfish” Stevens’s (played by Gosden) best such lines is, “Heck, naw, I ain’t gawn let my kids use no ‘cyclopedia! They kin walk to school like I did!”
This was subsequently blamed on Yogi Berra, who, never to be outdone, said, “I didn’t say half the stuff I said.”

9. Frick and Frack
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Werner Groebli and Hans Mauch, respectively. They were comedic figure skaters, both from Basel, Switzerland, and performed all over the world in lederhosen and traditional German “Oktoberfest” garb.
They performed in a few films, beginning with Lady, Let’s Dance, in 1944. They never performed in the Olympics, but a lot of Olympic figure skaters think they would have been shoe-ins for gold medals.
“Frick and Frack” has become a household phrase in English, due to their popularity from the 1930s to the 1950s. Some of the stunts they performed defy belief, most notably Frack’s rubber legs, which were twisting, collapsing legs while skating in a spread-eagle.
Frick’s signature move was a cantilever spread-eagle, which he invented.

8. The Smothers Brothers
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Tommy Smothers always plays the slower buffoon to Dick Smothers’s straight man. Tommy’s signature line was “Mom always liked you best!” after which they would argue over whether that were true or not. When their mother died, they never performed this routine again.
They are accomplished guitar players, and Tommy is a master of the yo-yo. They have the distinction of being the longest-lived comedy team in American history, having performed for about 52 years.
During the late 1960s, they had their own show, “The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour,” which was extremely controversial (and funny) because of their peace advocacy. They regularly poked fun at the Vietnam War, President Nixon, and racism. The show lasted an amazing 2 years, 1967 to 1969, before being canceled for what CBS was forced to call “Anti-American Peace Propaganda.” Ah, the ’60s.

7. Cheech and Chong
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The hippies and counter-culturalists found their idols in the weed-smoking surrealists Cheech Marin and Tommy Chong. They broke up in 1985, but reunited in 2008 much to everyone’s delight.
They made a number of films from 1978 through the 1980s, all having heavily to do with drug use, the free love of hippies, etc. Arguably their best work is the 1983 film Still Smokin’, in which they travel to Amsterdam, Netherlands, for a film festival about Burt Reynolds and Dolly Parton. When the latter two stars don’t show up, Cheech and Chong save the day with their own live stage performance. One of the best bits is Chong as “the old man in the park,” and the duo as “Ralph and Herbie the dogs.”

6. Abbott and Costello
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Bud Abbott played the straight man to Lou Costello, and even if they had only done one routine during their entire career, “Who’s on First?” would net them the #6 spot. They had already rehearsed it to perfection, but had not had a chance to perform it on stage.
The first televised performance of it was at the Steel Pier, in Atlantic City, New Jersey. They had a few sheets of material written by someone else, and they didn’t think much of it, so Abbot asked Costello, “You wanna do Baseball?” “Yeah, let’s do it.” And they walked out and made history.
It had been many times since before the radio days of burlesque vaudeville, with the simple gag of Who and What being proper nouns. Abbott and Costello were the first to hone it into its modern form of a baseball team’s names. They copyrighted it, and performed it several times in different films. None of this mentions the host of other outstanding performances to their credit.

5. Laurel and Hardy

Well known to film buffs today as a duo of true friends. They were vaudevillians, in countless silent films together and separate, before teaming up in 1927, and remained together until Hardy’s death in 1957, appearing in a lot of films. By the 1950s, their healths were declining rapidly, and they no longer looked like their old selves.
They were masters of slapstick, and an interesting idea that Laurel called “white magic.” A good example is in the film Way Out West, from 1937, one of their most famous, in which Laurel (the thin one) makes a fist, pours tobacco into it, flicks up his thumb and lights it, then blows real smoke out of his fist. Hardy proceeds to try duplicating it throughout the film, getting it right at the end, and freaking out about burning his thumb. They also have a famous soft-shoe dance number in this film.

4. Monty Python
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Britain’s, arguably the world’s, most irreverent comedy team so far, appearing on stage and in films from the late 1960s through the 1980s. Their films are still extremely popular, and very funny, the most famous of which is probably Monty Python and the Holy Grail. In it, King Arthur and his knights of Camelot, who eat ham and jam and spam a lot, traipse all over the English countryside looking for the Holy Grail, encountering a particularly tough Black Knight, a riddle-posing bridge guard, and God Himself. They have no horses, but at least they have coconuts to sound like horses, which a Cockney castle wall guard reminds them are not quite the same as horses. The conversation goes downhill thence.
Their stage work is comparatively unheralded in America, but you can find a lot of it on YouTube. It is some of their very finest work. This lister’s favorite is a bit involving a man who’s just lost his mother, trying to get a mortician to bury her. The mortician replies that the mortuary can cook her or bury her, or dump in her the Thames. In finally ends with the mortician saying that he’ll cook her, the son can eat her, and then they’ll dig a grave and he can throw up in it.

3. The Three Stooges
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The most well known artists of slapstick in history were Moe and Curly Howard, and Larry Fine. Curly died of a stroke in 1952, and several people were chosen as replacements for a few more years, but it was never quite as good without him.
Moe was the straight man, Curly the comedian, and Larry was something of both. Some of their gags are as physically demanding and dangerous as stunts you might see in a Looney Tunes cartoon. Curly or Larry would accidentally smack Moe in the head with something made of metal, and he would respond angrily, sometimes running a ripsaw over their heads, or smacking them with hammers.
Their slap gags are always uproarious, and one of their most famous moments comes in the short Micro-phonies, from 1945, in which they lip-synch to the Sextet from Lucia di Lammermoor.

2. Martin and Lewis
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Martin was the straight man to Lewis’s utmost in zaniness. From 1946 to 1956, they were the pinnacle of the comedy world in Hollywood, performing around the country and in films. Martin was one of the finest crooners in history, but Lewis could belt out a song when he wanted. They could do it all, sing, dance, slapstick, vaudeville jokes, stand-up, and outstanding ad-lib segments. Their patented sketch was a Martin crooner, into which Lewis would walk with a silly face, and continue to interrupt him while he sang.

1. The Marx Brothers
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Modern comedians of all kinds, stand-up, sitcom, sketch, film and stage, look on the Marx Brothers with awe at how brilliant they were at every aspect of comedy. They grew as vaudeville performers, and although they couldn’t tapdance, they could certainly do everything else, and this lister means EVERYTHING.
Harpo played the harp better than most professionals, and he taught himself by ear. His form was all wrong, but professionals came to him for instruction on how to play like him.
Groucho was a fine singer, and usually sent himself up as a horrible singer.
Chico could play the piano effortlessly, and was loved for his “shooting the keys” manner of playing, seen in A Night at the Opera, among others.
Groucho’s one-liners and insults run throughout all their films and are still the stuff of legend. His greasepaint eyebrows and mustache are part of the classic Halloween, or gag glasses, with huge nose, that kids like to wear, or cartoons use to hide identities.
Harpo’s voice was a rich baritone, and too low for his clownish persona, so he elected never to speak, except a few times at ceremonies, and on a talk show in the 1970s. This was one of his finest jokes, since he was begged to finally say something, and once he got going, the talk show host could not shut him up for a good 15 minutes.
Chico’s name should be pronounced “Chick-O” not “Cheek-O,” because he was the brother all the chicks were after (according to him). He was also a gamblaholic, and they made some of their films just to pay off his debts.
According to the late, great George Carlin, Groucho Marx told by far the funniest “Aristocrats” joke in history. It’s a notoriously dirty joke told from the turn of the century, by comedians who ad-lib the nastiest filth they can think of, and then end with the stupid punch-line “The Aristocrats!” Groucho didn’t care for dirty jokes, preferring clean jokes, in which more art is required to get a laugh. When asked about his version of it, he replied, “Well, bestiality’s not all that dirty.”
Their performances in A Night at the Opera and Duck Soup are their finest efforts. The former includes the famous stateroom scene, the complete destruction of a production of Verdi’s Il Trovatore, and “The First Party of the First Part” sequence between Groucho and Chico.
The latter includes their legendary mirror scene, the lemonade stand, their combat spoof (Groucho wears an American Civil War hat, then a coonskin cap, then a Napoleon hat, etc.) and their parody of Paul Revere’s Ride.
They used a running joke throughout their films involving their meager accommodations growing up. Whenever they spot food in a film, they dash madly around the set, getting to the table, where they devour everything in sight, even their clothing.
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10 Notoriously Controversial Books

We have written two lists in the past which deal with this same subject so there is a little overlap, but this list is a more general one so it makes sense. This is a list of books (fiction and non-fiction) that have been the subject of great controversy.

10. The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail
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The Da Vinci Code almost made it onto this list, but in light of this entry’s nonfiction status, it must overtake what Dan Brown expressly intended as fiction.
This is the nonfiction book from which Dan Brown got most of his ideas for The Da Vinci Code. As if that book isn’t controversial enough, Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh, and Henry Lincoln (yes, that’s right, three writers), published this book in 1982 in the UK, and state a case that Jesus was not divine, married and had sex with Mary Magdalene, had children by her, and that these children or their descendants emigrated to Gaul (France), and founded the Merovingian Dynasty, which has two of the most famous Frankish kings, Charles the Hammer, and Charlemagne.
You can see how this might upset a few Christians. It wouldn’t have be so bad if the writers actually some hard facts to back up their case, but they rely almost exclusively on factoids, which are dubious, probably spurious attempts to sound factual. The Priory of Sion, on which the book heavily relies, did not have the storied history it describes. The true Priory was founded in 1956 in France, by Pierre Plantard, who deliberately concocted a fictitious history going back to 1099 and the Christian sack of Jerusalem. The Christians did sack it, but there was no Priory involved.
It also asserts that the Roman Catholic Church has completely corrupted the truth of Judeo-Christian history in order to control people. You can see how this might upset a few Catholics (and Jews).

9. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
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This one makes very frequent appearances on public school banned-book lists throughout the United States, because of its use of the word “nigger.” Mark Twain wrote it at a time when it was not dangerous to use this word, but today things have changed.
The truth it, in the time of the story, white people called black people “niggers,” because that was the most usual word in the nationwide vernacular. It was not, at that time, so much a pejorative term as now. But typical PTA meetings at elementary, middle, and high schools center on this book as often as they center on sex education, because the horrified parents can’t get over the thought of their children reading the word “nigger” several hundred times throughout the book.

8. The Book of Mormon
Book Of Mormon
This one is controversial for a specific reason. At the very end of the Judeo-Christian Bible, in Revelation, there is a verse that reads, “For I testify unto every man that heareth the words of the prophecy of this book, If any man shall add unto these things, God shall add unto him the plagues that are written in this book: And if any man shall take away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God shall take away his part out of the book of life, and out of the holy city, and from the things which are written in this book.”
The first half of that quotation is the one Mormons have to sidestep carefully, and they usually do so by saying that it should be interpreted as the Book of Revelation merely, not the entire Bible. If this is accepted, then Joseph Smith’s Book of Mormon is an acceptable addition to the Bible. Almost all other Christian denominations argue fiercely that whatever the quoted verses mean, there is no need for an addition to the Bible. It was already complete before Smith came along.
Their arguments typically center on Smith’s (and Brigham Young’s) desire for multiple wives. Smith was not allowed by U. S. law to marry more than one, so he invented a new religion and got it accepted into the mainstream in order to marry more than one woman. Today, the Mormons believe some bizarre things, in terms of fundamental Christianity, namely that God has physical sex with angels, that when a Mormon dies, he or she becomes God in another universe, and that God took care of the ancient Native Americans, perhaps from as long ago as 2,500 BC, in much the same way that he took care of the Israelites, and that during the forty days between Resurrection and Ascension, Jesus appeared and preached to the native American tribes.

7. The Catcher in the Rye
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Coupled with Huck Finn as a popularly banned book in schools around the United States. Salinger had a lot of nerve to publish it in 1951, given its amount of profanity, sexual scenes, general subversive nature, and lots and lots of smoking and drinking. It was one of the ten most challenged books in 2005, with furious parents demanding it be removed from their children’s school curricula.

6. The God Delusion
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Atheists champion it, theists denounce it, and there is very little middle ground. That was Richard Dawkins’s intent with it. This is by far his most inflammatory treatise on atheism to date, and his biggest commercial success. It has sold over 2 million copies.
Dawkins openly attacks religion as a delusion, since there is almost certainly no God, never has been, period. He goes through a logical process of destroying the idea of a God of any kind, then discusses the nature of morality, whether it requires a religion to work.
The book has so inflamed the debate between atheists and theists that quite a few books have been written promoting it, and even more condemning it. Dawkins and two others, Sam Harris and Christopher Hitchens, who have also written such books, are referred to by many Christians as an Unholy Trinity, now.

5. If I Did It: Confessions of a Killer
If-I-Did-It
O. J. Simpson should have laid low for a little longer. It wouldn’t have made the list had it not actually been printed, but about 400,000 copies have been.
It is difficult to know how many were destroyed, if any, but when it was announced in November 2006, it started such a controversy that the publisher had to yank it off the press. In August of the next year, the Goldman family was awarded copyrights for the book, as partial compensation for the lawsuit that Simpson never paid.
Judith Regan, the publisher, is on record stating that she considers the description of Simpson’s “hypothetical” scenario so perfect and pristine that it’s as good as the actual confession.
The premise of the book is really stupid, given that Simpson swears he didn’t do it. He puts forth the case that though he didn’t do it, this is how he could have done it. Not smart.
After his original plans for the book, as a way to make some money, were canceled, the Goldman family acquired the rights and hired a ghostwriter to get it into publication. Not a bad read, really.
(He did it.)

4. The Prince
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Niccolo Machiavelli’s masterpiece has garnered a rotten reputation over the centuries as advocating tyranny. Machiavelli argues that the best ruler is the one whose people love him. Such a ruler is almost impossible to come by. But a very close second to this is the ruler whose people fear him. There have been many of those.
The book is more philosophy than politics, and it champions the idea of self-reliance. But this can easily be taken as “don’t help anyone, because they should help themselves.” Self-reliance is one of the founding principles of the modern Church of Satan, and that’s the comparison detractors of this book routinely make.
In general, the detractors loathe it because it appears a very efficient method by which to create a corrupt tyrant.

3. The Communist Manifesto

Karl Marx should have been reprimanded, not for its controversial nature, but for writing the most boring book in history. His idea came from an observation that all of humanity’s strife, from the beginning of our history to now, has been over class struggles.
He therefore sought to abolish classes, and establish a system of government in which there are no betters or worses, but only equal people, who all get paid the same amount for whatever their jobs are, from the President to the peon. They would all get the same kind of food, the same amount, the same kind of car, house, everything.
Unfortunately, it doesn’t work that way. Someone always wants more or better. Actually, everyone does. It was seen as the polar opposite of democracy, not because of its philosophy, but because it was seized upon and championed by the Soviet Union, whom the United States deeply abhorred during the Cold War.

2. The Q’uran
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A few facts that you may not know. Muslims believe that the Q’uran is the divine speech of God, revealed through the Archangel Gabriel to Muhammad, from around 610 to 632 AD. They regard it as the primary miracle to prove that Muhammad is indeed the greatest prophet of all.
Muslims revere Moses and Jesus also, but do not hold that Jesus was divine. Christians around the world who are not particularly educated about the book consider it the closest thing to the Devil Himself that anyone is likely to see until Armageddon.
Most of these Christians (and there are other denominations and religions involved in loathing the book) believe that the Q’uran instructs its followers to strap on dynamite and C-4 explosives, and go kill infidels (Jews and Christians) in order to get to Heaven and be rewarded with 72 dark-haired virgins.
The problem is that the word for these “virgins” is “houri,” which has many meanings. It may mean nothing more than angels, meaning that 72 angels will minister to the departed in heaven, and “minister” does not necessarily mean sexual intercourse.
Most Muslims believe in these 72 virgins in the same way that most Christians believe that they will be outfitted with harps, wings, and walk on clouds.
But the terrorist organizations, dedicated to hatred of Jews and Christians, indoctrinate their primarily illiterate trainees into believing that their suicides and bombing of said infidels will be the path to Heaven. There is no such statement anywhere in the Q’uran. It is quite a peaceful book, advocating understanding and tolerance of the three major Monotheisms.

1. The Holy Bible
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No book has been published more, translated more, interpreted, or misinterpreted more than the Judeo-Christian Bible. It has more copies in circulation that any other book, and is present in part or in whole in about 2,400 of the world’s 6,900 or so languages.
It is the breeding ground for more furious debates than any book in history, and is the go-to book for Christians, atheists, deists, even Jews and Muslims. If you’re going to convince a Christian he’s wrong, you have to use his book to do it.
Atheists, in particular, regard it with extreme hatred, because it depicts God as particularly ruthless, cruel, barbaric (Old Testament) and then self-righteous and magical (New Testament). Logically speaking, they say, the Bible is its own worst enemy, because it appears notoriously ambiguous in places.
It is the center of authority on gay rights issues, gay marriage, abortion, even the very nature of democracy. The Founding Fathers of the United States used it as their primary template for drafting the Constitution.
Not even the most secular debate on morality can avoid it. Before the Bible, philosophers typically quoted Aristotle, Plato, Socrates, Confucius, Siddhartha Gautama, etc. After the Bible, even the most vehemently atheistic philosophers quote the Bible more than any other source of philosophy when attempting to prove or disprove any of its points.
Some even argue that all of the world’s wars after its dissemination have been caused by it.
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Wasiat Pak Noer


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Boediono (kanan) saat masih calon wakil presiden, Juni 2009, merasa perlu sowan kepada mantan Gubernur Jatim, HM Noer (tengah).

Oleh Edy M. Ya`kub
'Kelak, jika meninggal, beliau ingin jenazahnya dilewatkan Suramadu (Jembatan Surabaya-Madura),' kata Prof dr Syaifuddin Noer, Sp.BP, putra ketiga Raden Panji H.M. Noer (Pak Noer) di rumah duka Jalan Anwari Nomor 11, Surabaya.
Agaknya, mantan Gubernur Jawa Timur yang meninggal dunia dalam usia ke-92 di Rumah Sakit Darmo, Surabaya pada Jumat (16/4/2010) sekitar pukul 08.50 WIB itu, memiliki peran khusus terkait dengan Jembatan Suramadu.
Gubernur Jatim periode 1967-1976 asal Sampang, Madura yang pernah menjadi Duta Besar RI di Prancis itu, sempat melintasi jembatan sepanjang 5.438 meter yang menelan dana sekitar Rp4,5 triliun itu pada 26 Mei lalu.
'Saya bangga, karena jembatan itu adalah mimpi saya sejak saya menjabat pamong di Bangkalan pada tahun 1950-an. Saat itu, saya ingin monopoli sarana transportasi dihapus dari Madura,' tutur Pak Noer, waktu itu.
Putra kelahiran Sampang, Madura pada 13 Januari 1918 itu mengemukakan hal itu setelah pertemuan Dewan Pembangunan Madura (DPM) yang dihadiri 11 pengurus DPM di Surabaya pada 1 Juni 2009.
Ketua Dewan Pembina DPM itu merasakan kereta api dan bus yang melintasi Madura saat itu melakukan monopoli, karena itu ia memimpikan adanya jembatan melintasi Selat Madura yang akan mengurangi monopoli itu.
'Penghapusan monopoli itu sempat saya usulkan ke pusat, sehingga pemerintah pusat akhirnya mengizinkan tambahan kapal feri jalur Kamal-Ujung, tapi akhirnya dipindahkan ke Kamal-Perak, karena jalur Ujung itu milik TNI AL yang terbatas waktu penggunaannya,' ucapnya.
Masalahnya, kata penerima penghargaan bintang gerilyawan, satya lencana perang kemerdekaan I dan II, tanda kehormatan bintang maha putra utama III, dan 'odre national du marite' dari pemerintah Prancis itu, kapal feri itu harus menjalani revisi secara periodik.
'Jadi, jembatan yang menghubungkan Surabaya - Madura merupakan alternatif. Akhirnya, Pak Harto memanggil Pak Habibie yang ada di Jerman untuk kembali ke Indonesia. Saat itu, Pak Habibie menggagas tiga jembatan (tri nusa bima sakti) yakni Jawa-Sumatra, Jawa-Bali, dan Jawa-Madura,' ujarnya.
Oleh karena itu, Pak Harto-lah yang mengeluarkan Keppres 55/1990 tentang Suramadu dan Pak Habibie yang menggantikan Pak Harto akhirnya melanjutkan Keppres 55/1990 dengan membuat desain.
Agaknya, wasiat tentang Jembatan Suramadu itu erat kaitannya dengan peran Pak Noer yang pernah menjadi bupati di Bangkalan dan Sampang itu dalam mewujudkan jembatan yang diresmikan Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) pada 10 Juni 2009.
Bagi Pak Noer yang meninggalkan seorang istri, delapan anak, 21 cucu, dan enam cicit itu, Pak Harto-lah yang mengeluarkan Keppres Suramadu, Pak Habibie yang membuat desain, Bu Megawati yang pertama kali memancangkan tiang pancang, Gus Dur yang melapangkan pembangunannya, dan SBY yang meresmikan.
Namun, mimpi Pak Noer tentang Jembatan Suramadu itu tak semudah membalik tangan, karena para ulama di Madura sempat memprotesnya.
'Pembangunan Jembatan Suramadu memang sempat diprotes para ulama Madura, karena mereka menginginkan Jembatan Suramadu tidak menjadi pintu bagi masuknya kemaksiatan ke Pulau Garam,' kata anggota DPM lainnya, HR Ali Badri Z.
Tapi, Pak Noer justru sepakat bahwa pembangunan `yes` dan maksiat `no`, karena itu Pak Noer di akhir hayatnya meminta pengelolaan jembatan dan kawasan industri yang ada di sekitar jembatan tetap melibatkan pemerintah provinsi dan daerah.
'Permintaan itu terkait harapan Pak Noer supaya orang Madura sendiri dapat mengendalikan hal-hal yang tak diinginkan masyarakat Madura,' katanya.
Kini, Pak Noer yang menggagas Jembatan Suramadu itu telah berpulang ke Rahmatullah.
'Banyak masyarakat yang kehilangan beliau, karena beliau telah melakukan banyak hal untuk kemajuan masyarakat Madura dan Jawa Timur,' kata Ketua Takmir Masjid Raudlah Arrohmah, Bangkalan, KH Imam Buchori Cholil.
Agaknya, pandangan tokoh masyarakat Madura itu tidak berlebihan, karena Pak Noer merupakan sosok pemimpin yang banyak memikirkan masyarakat.
Paling tidak, Jembatan Suramadu dan kebiasaan 'turba' (turun ke bawah) untuk menemui masyarakat saat menjadi bupati, gubernur, dan bahkan saat pensiun merupakan 'wasiat' Pak Noer bahwa pemimpin harus banyak memikirkan rakyatnya.
Kalangan Bupati, DPRD dan masyarakat di Pulau Garam menghendaki Jembatan Suramadu diberi nama (mengabadikan) nama Mantan Gubernur Jatim tersebut, merupakan wujud kecintaan dan penghormatan atas kedikasi dan prestasi Raden Panji HM Noer.
Kecintaan masyarakat Madura itu juga terwujud tatkala reformasi bergulir, di mana berbondong-bondong daerah memecahkan diri membentuk provinsi atau kabupaten maupun kota baru.
Begitu tokoh masyarakat Madura 'latah' ingin memisahkan diri dari Jatim dengan membentuk provinsi baru, hanya Pak Noer-lah yang mampu meredamnya. Saat itu, Pak Noer langsung mengumpulkan tokoh dan ulama Madura dan 'memarahi' mereka.
Pak Noer waktu itu berkata 'Madura itu selama ini masih disubsidi Jawa (Jatim) dalam hal perekonomian (tergantung). Kalau jadi provinsi sendiri, bisa hidup dari mana?'
Begitu cintanya masyarakat Jatim, khususnya Madura terhadap Pak Noer, sehingga timbul 'ungkapan' Gubernur Jatim itu Pak Noer, sedangkan yang gubernur berikutnya adalah yang menggantikannya.
Gubernur Jatim, Soekarwo akan menyampaikan usulan kepada pemerintah pusat, supaya Jembatan Suramadu diberi nama HM Noer.
'Kita kehilangkan tokoh yang meletakkan pondasi pembangunan Jatim. Selamat jalan Pak Noer,' ujar Soekarwo yang memerintahkan jajaran Pemprov Jatim mengibarkan bendera Merah Putih setengah tiang.

sumber : kompas
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Misteri Perahu Nabi Nuh

ni gan ane punya infoh buat agan2 yang seneng history alias sejarah...ane baru baca nih gan tapi biar ente2 percaya langsung aja ke sumbernya...

nih fotonya











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Mengintip Pilgrim State Hospital, Bekas Rumah Sakit Jiwa Terbesar di Dunia


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Tahun 1920-an, negara bagian new york telah dioperasikan enam rumah sakit jiwa untuk memfasilitasi kebutuhan yang terus meningkat untuk perawatan psikiatris, dan semua yang sangat padat. Dan negarapun menjawab kebutuhan tersebut dengan membangun - pilgrim state hospital.
Awalnya dirancang untuk menampung 12.500 pasien pada 1.900 hektar tanah, Pilgrim masih memegang rekor sebagai rumah sakit jiwa terbesar di dunia - populasi pasien puncaknya pada satu waktu adalah 16.000.Rumah sakit yang asli dibangun dari 1930-1941 terdiri dari empat kelompok perlakuan terus besar, masing-masing memiliki sekitar enam bangunan yang terpisah. Rumah sakit juga termasuk besar bangunan medis dan karyawan di mana pasien dengan penyakit akut akan didiagnosis, serta perumahan laboratorium, ruang konsultasi, seorang perawat sekolah, dan departemen patologi.

lokasi data
built :1930
closed : Unknown
opened : 1941
demolished / renovated: N/a
location age : 80 years
abandonment : unknown
current status : Abandoned
location genre : Psychiatric
located in : Brentwood, ny [amerika serikat]
alternate names : Pilgrim psychiatric center, psh
jenis shock therapy yang dilakukan di Pilgrim

Insulin shock therapy: Pasien disuntik dengan insulin dosis besar, yang menyebabkan sawan dan koma.diperkenalkan pada tahun 1936.

Metrazol shock therapy :Suntikan dari Metrazol (atau komersial dikenal sebagai cardiazol) dengan cepat menyebabkan kejang kuat.

Electric shock therapy :arus listrik melewati otak untuk merangsang kejang grand mal, umumnya dipakai untuk mengobati gangguan skizofrenia dan suasana hati. Negara mulai menggunakan teknik ini pada tahun 1940, dan baru-baru ini berada di bawah penyelidikan untuk memaksa pasien ke perawatan ini.


Building 18 - Administration
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Building 23 - Medical Surgical
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Building 23 was Pilgrim's medical surgical building. Highlights inclue the morgue and x-ray machine.


Building 35 - Power Plant
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This huge power plant provided electricity and steam for the entire hospital. It has since been replaced by a small chillder plant and sits abandoned.


Building 63
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Originally a staff dorm, later became the OMH Regional Headquaters.


Engineering Building
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This large warehouse contained engineering, workshops, the lock shop, and storage.


Staff Neighborhood
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Across the parkway from the main center, is this entire neighborhood of abnandoned staff houses.


Another Pic
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sumber : kaskus.us
Baca Selengkapnya - Mengintip Pilgrim State Hospital, Bekas Rumah Sakit Jiwa Terbesar di Dunia